ABSTRACT Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti is an important vector of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika virus. It is well known that resistance monitoring and genetic diversity data help designing the vector control programs. This study aimed to evaluate resistance to pyrethroids (PYs) through the frequency of kdr mutations Val1016IIe and F1534C, and the genetic variation of the mitochondrial gene ND4 in six natural populations of A. aegypti from Paraná - Brazil. Adults were obtained from eggs collected from Alvorada do Sul, Marilena, Maringá, Nova Londrina, Paranavaí and São Carlos do Ivaí. From these adults, 345 were used to identify the 1016 and 1534 sites, and 120 were used to perform the ND4 gene analysis. The studied populations from Paraná showed PYs resistance, low gene flow and genetic diversity. Additionally, a relationship was observed among the haplotypes of populations from the Amazon and Southeastern Brazil, Peru, Mexico, and North America.

Abstract Histological effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were observed in Chironomus sancticaroli larvae which underwent acute exposure. 2,2′,4-triBDE (BDE-17), 2,2′,4,4′-tetraBDE (BDE-47) and 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE (BDE-99) were evaluated at 0.5, 2.0 and 20 μg L-1. Cytoplasm vacuolisation of oenocytes was observed in the larvae exposed to BDE-17 and BDE-47. Cuénot cells were disrupted at the brush border as an effect of the three evaluated congeners highlighting BDE-47 at 2.0 μg L-1; 60% of larvae displayed this disruption. The midgut showed changes in the morphology of apex cells located next to the lumen of region I exposed to BDE-17 and BDE-47, while BDE-99 induced a narrowing of the lumen diameter. Significant cytoplasm vacuolisation of the larvae exposed to BDE-47 and BDE-99 was observed in region II of the midgut. Salivary glands showed acidophilic granules in the cytoplasm exposed to BDE-17 and BDE-47. The results showed that the tissues of C. sancticaroli were sensitive to flame retardants; these histopathologies can compromise the health and physiology of this organism, highlighting the concern with the presence of PBDEs in freshwater sediments.